Hermann Emil Louis Fischer FRS FRSE FCS (German pronunciation: [emil f] (); 9 October 1852 15 July 1919) was a German chemist and 1902 recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.He discovered the Fischer esterification.He also developed the Fischer projection, a symbolic way of drawing asymmetric carbon atoms.He also hypothesized lock and key mechanism of enzyme The organic ligands included are sometimes referred to as "struts" or "linkers", one example being 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid (BDC).. More formally, a metalorganic framework is a coordination The BaylisHillman reaction is a carbon-carbon bond forming reaction between the -position of an activated alkene and a carbon electrophile such as an aldehyde. This interesting transformation involves the oxidation of two carbon atoms and the reduction of one carbon and both nitrogen atoms. A substitution reaction (also known as single displacement reaction or single substitution reaction) is a chemical reaction during which one functional group in a chemical compound is replaced by another functional group. The reaction is called nucleophilic aliphatic substitution (of the halide), and the reaction product is a higher substituted amine. a substance that reacts with water. Phenol formaldehyde resins (PF) or phenolic resins (also infrequently called phenoplasts) are synthetic polymers obtained by the reaction of phenol or substituted phenol with formaldehyde.Used as the basis for Bakelite, PFs were the first commercial synthetic resins (plastics).They have been widely used for the production of molded products including billiard In organic chemistry, the Schmidt reaction is an organic reaction in which an azide reacts with a carbonyl derivative, usually an aldehyde, ketone, or carboxylic acid, under acidic conditions to give an amine or amide, with expulsion of nitrogen. This dark brown powder is commercially available. Examples are the synthesis of thymolphthalein (a pH indicator) from two equivalents of thymol and phthalic anhydride: A reaction of phthalic anhydride with resorcinol in the presence of zinc chloride gives the fluorophore fluorescein. It is the prototypical example of a pericyclic reaction with a concerted mechanism.More specifically, it is classified as a thermally-allowed [4+2] cycloaddition with WoodwardHoffmann FriedelCrafts reactions have been used in the synthesis of several triarylmethane and xanthene dyes. Often a substituent moves from one atom to another atom in the same molecule, hence these reactions are usually intramolecular. Isomers include various quinone derivatives.

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Olefin metathesis is an organic reaction that entails the redistribution of fragments of alkenes (olefins) by the scission and regeneration of carbon-carbon double bonds. The term anthraquinone however refers to the isomer, 9,10-anthraquinone (IUPAC: 9,10-dioxoanthracene) wherein the keto groups are located on the central ring.It is a building block of many dyes and is used in bleaching It is often used in place of Fehling's solution to detect the presence of reducing sugars.The presence of other reducing substances also gives a positive result. Cornforth investigated enzymes that catalyse changes in organic compounds, the RCO 2 H + ROH RCO 2 R + H 2 O. Employing a nucleophilic catalyst, such as a tertiary amine and phosphine, this reaction provides a densely functionalized product (e.g. Adams' catalyst, also known as platinum dioxide, is usually represented as platinum(IV) oxide hydrate, PtO 2 H 2 O. In the example below, the substituent R moves from carbon The Beckmann solution consists of acetic acid, hydrochloric acid and acetic anhydride, and was widely used to catalyze the rearrangement.Other acids, such as sulfuric acid, polyphosphoric acid, and hydrogen fluoride Benedict's reagent (often called Benedict's qualitative solution or Benedict's solution) is a chemical reagent and complex mixture of sodium carbonate, sodium citrate, and copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate. Substitution reactions are of prime importance in organic chemistry.Substitution reactions in organic chemistry are classified either as electrophilic or Mechanism and applications. The archetypal Beckmann rearrangement is the conversion of cyclohexanone to caprolactam via the oxime. A few types of aromatic compounds, such as phenol, will react without a catalyst, but for typical benzene derivatives with less reactive substrates, a Lewis acid is required as a catalyst.Typical Lewis acid catalysts include AlCl 3, FeCl 3, FeBr 3 and ZnCl 2.These work by forming a highly electrophilic complex which is attacked by the benzene ring. Anthraquinone, also called anthracenedione or dioxoanthracene, is an aromatic organic compound with formula C 14 H 8 O 2. Often such reactions require the presence of a dehydrating agent, i.e. In organic chemistry, the DielsAlder reaction is a chemical reaction between a conjugated diene and a substituted alkene, commonly termed the dienophile, to form a substituted cyclohexene derivative. The CoreyFuchs reaction, also known as the RamirezCoreyFuchs reaction, is a series of chemical reactions designed to transform an aldehyde into an alkyne. Oxazole is the parent compound for a vast class of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds.

functionalized allyl alcohol in the case of aldehyde as the electrophile). This process involves electrophilic aromatic substitution using a tethered cyclohexanol group using

The classic example of a dehydration reaction is the Fischer esterification, which involves treating a carboxylic acid with an alcohol to give an ester . With recent advances in computing power, polymer In the presence of peptides, a copper(II) ion forms mauve-colored coordination complexes in an alkaline solution. the Fischer oxazole synthesis from cyanohydrins and aldehydes; the Bredereck reaction with Dehydration reactions in organic chemistry Esterification. Instead the relevant criterion for In organic chemistry, a cross-coupling reaction is a reaction where two fragments are joined together with the aid of a metal catalyst.In one important reaction type, a main group organometallic compound of the type R-M (R = organic fragment, M = main group center) reacts with an organic halide of the type R'-X with formation of a new carboncarbon bond in the product R-R'. The reaction mechanism involves an intramolecular 5-membered cyclic transition state, leading to a syn elimination product, an E i pathway.This organic reaction is closely related to the Hofmann elimination, but the base is a part of the leaving group.The amine oxide is prepared by oxidation of the corresponding amine with an oxidant such as meta Aldol condensations are important in organic synthesis and biochemistry as ways to form carboncarbon bonds.. Because of the relative simplicity of olefin metathesis, it often creates fewer undesired by-products and hazardous wastes than alternative organic reactions. Organic reductions or organic oxidations or organic redox reactions are redox reactions that take place with organic compounds.In organic chemistry oxidations and reductions are different from ordinary redox reactions, because many reactions carry the name but do not actually involve electron transfer in the electrochemical sense of the word. Chemistry. Barfoed's test is a chemical test used for detecting the presence of monosaccharides.It is based on the reduction of copper(II) acetate to copper(I) oxide (Cu 2 O), which forms a brick-red precipitate.. RCHO + 2Cu 2+ + 2H 2 O RCOOH + Cu 2 O + 4H + (Disaccharides may also react, but the reaction is much slower. These are azoles with an oxygen and a nitrogen separated by one carbon.

In chemistry, the Biuret test (IPA: / b a j r t /, / b a j r t /), also known as Piotrowski's test, is a chemical test used for detecting the presence of at least two peptide bonds in a molecule. These computational approaches enable predictions and provide explanations of experimentally observed macromolecular structure, dynamics, thermodynamics, and microscopic and macroscopic material properties. The Leimgruber-Batcho indole synthesis gives similar flexibility and regiospecificity to indole derivatives. The BischlerNapieralski reaction is an intramolecular electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction that allows for the cyclization of -arylethylamides or -arylethylcarbamates. The BardhanSengupta phenanthrene synthesis is a classic way to make phenanthrenes.. Metalorganic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of compounds consisting of metal ions or clusters coordinated to organic ligands to form one-, two-, or three-dimensional structures. The method is widely used in the laboratory, but less so industrially, where alcohols are often preferred alkylating agents. Phenanthrene is nearly insoluble in water but is soluble in most low polarity organic solvents such as toluene, carbon tetrachloride, ether, chloroform, acetic acid and benzene.. The Heck reaction (also called the MizorokiHeck reaction) is the chemical reaction of an unsaturated halide (or triflate) with an alkene in the presence of a base and a palladium catalyst (or palladium nanomaterial-based catalyst) to form a substituted alkene.It is named after Tsutomu Mizoroki and Richard F. Heck.Heck was awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, which he It is a catalyst for hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis in organic synthesis. Although Pd-catalyzed C-N couplings were reported as early as 1983, Stephen L. Buchwald and John F. Hartwig have been credited, whose publications between 1994 and the late 2000s In organic chemistry, a rearrangement reaction is a broad class of organic reactions where the carbon skeleton of a molecule is rearranged to give a structural isomer of the original molecule. The ReimerTiemann reaction is a chemical reaction used for the ortho-formylation of phenols; with the simplest example being the conversion of phenol to salicylaldehyde.The reaction was discovered by Karl Reimer [] and Ferdinand Tiemann.The Reimer in question was Karl Reimer (1845-1883) not the lesser known Carl Ludwig Reimer (1856-1921). In its usual form, it involves the nucleophilic addition of a ketone enolate to an aldehyde to form a -hydroxy ketone, or "aldol" (aldehyde + alcohol), a structural unit found in many naturally occurring molecules and pharmaceuticals. Molecular modeling and simulations are invaluable tools for the polymer science and engineering community. Amine alkylation (amino-dehalogenation) is a type of organic reaction between an alkyl halide and ammonia or an amine. Finally, the Fischer indole synthesis is a remarkable sequence of tautomerism, sigmatropic rearrangement, nucleophilic addition, and elimination reactions occurring subsequent to phenylhydrazone formation. The BuchwaldHartwig amination is a chemical reaction used in organic chemistry for the synthesis of carbonnitrogen bonds via the palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions of amines with aryl halides. Sir John Warcup Cornforth Jr., AC, CBE, FRS, FAA (7 September 1917 8 December 2013) was an AustralianBritish chemist who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1975 for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalysed reactions, becoming the only Nobel laureate born in New South Wales. )The aldehyde group of the monosaccharide which normally One advantage of the Bartoli indole synthesis is the ability to produce indoles substituted on both the carbocyclic ring and the pyrrole ring, which is difficult to do with the Leimgruber-Batcho indole synthesis. The formation of the 1,1-dibromoolefins via phosphine-dibromomethylenes was originally discovered by Desai, McKelvie and Ramirez. The CBS catalyst or CoreyBakshiShibata catalyst is an asymmetric catalyst derived from proline.It finds many uses in organic reactions such as the CBS reduction, Diels-Alder reactions and (3+2) cycloadditions.Proline, a naturally occurring chiral compound, is readily and cheaply available. Caprolactam is the feedstock in the production of Nylon 6..