Many plants have large genomes with vast amounts of repeated DNA. Terminal (leaf) node. Name your collection: Name must be less than 100 characters . strangulata . . Each phenotypic name is abbreviated . is reported from a single occurrence in Riverside Co., doubtfully naturalized. tauschii genome assembly (V1.0; Luo et al., 2017).Gaps were filled by aligning with the Ae. Common Name: GOAT GRASS Habit: Annual. Gene names need to be separated by commas. One of the probable progenitors of the D genome of wheat. The diploid genome (2n=2x=14, DD) is pivotal during the rise of common wheat, providing more flexibly manipulatable end . Aegilops tauschii ssp. In wheat, homeologous BEI loci are found at the distal end of chromosome 7A, 7B, and 7D. The proteins expressed from the BEI genes in wheat . . Rarity . tauschii) , WOX (43 in Triticum aestivum, 23 in Triticum dicoccoides, 28 in Triticum. name: 293E175) have been the dominant and epidemic physiological strains since 1994. Aegilops tauschii; Triticum aestivum L. Triticum dicoccoides; Triticum turgidum; Triticum urartu; Search. Description. Genome-wide comparative analyses reveal that the B subgenome of common wheat (Triticum aestivum) originated from a distinct, most likely extinct, species that is phylogenetically akin to Aegilops speltoides. One inversion, 8 to common wheat . Fertile spikelets 5-13; glumes of lateral spikelets 5-7.5 mm long, truncate, with a short, very blunt tooth on the upper margin; awns of . The BEI locus in Aegilops tauschii is complex, containing an active gene along with several pseudogenes ( Rahman et al 1999, Suzuki et al 2003 ). Seeds of different Ae. Aegilops tauschii Coss. Aegilops tauschii subsp. & Muschl., Ae. Aegilops uniatistata Vis. Aegilops vavilovii (Zhuk.) 5, 355-362 (2017). Information and translations of aegilops in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web. tauschii accessions with diverse geographical backgrounds were investigated for their resistance to infection by the leaf rust fungi Puccinia . Aegilops tauschii, as one of wheat wild relatives, possesses a wide range of resistance to biotic/abiotic factors. Aegilops speltoides is a ANNUAL growing to 0.6 m (2ft). Aegilops tauschii: auct. Aegilops tauschii, the diploid progenitor of the wheat D-genome, is a valuable genetic resource for wheat breeders.In this study, we compared the efficiency of inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) (as an arbitrary technique) and start codon targeted (SCoT) (as a gene-targeting technique) markers in determining the genetic diversity and population structure of 90 accessions of Ae. Што е тоа EOL? Coverage: Size (Mbp) Contigs . Group name CK1 CK2 T1 T2 . The Hebrew word:,בן-חיטה, ben-chita , close to wheat, chita. Transcripts and Genes; Gene Expression. rubiginosa Popova: AETA3: Aegilops tauschii auct. Common name; English: . Aegilops tauschii (Ae. A similar paucity of accessions intermediate between lineages 1 and 2 (accounting for c. 1.4% of . tauschii Common names: Tausch's goatgrass Taxonomy Find more information about this organism at . Introduction. Wheat breeders at CIMMYT use wild relatives of wheat such as Ae. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Jaub & Spach, Aegilops longissima Scweinf. Tausch's goatgrass. cDNAs were first described in 1997 ( Repellin et al 1997 ). tauschii), one of the ancestors of hexaploid common wheat, is . biuncialis, bi, bis, twice; uncialis, one twelfth, one inch; meaning one sixth, two inches. Here, we assessed the impact of the introgression from 21 diverse accessions of Aegilops tauschii, the diploid ancestor of the wheat D genome, into 6 hard red winter wheat cultivars on yield and yield component traits. Aegilops tauschii - Afghanistan ARS-3.png. Comparing two approaches for introgression of germplasm from Aegilops tauschii into common wheat. In March and April, the NCBI Eukaryotic Genome Annotation Pipeline released thirty-two new annotations in RefSeq for the following organisms: Aegilops tauschii (monocot) Amblyraja radiata (thorny skate) Anopheles arabiensis (mosquito) Anopheles coluzzii (mosquito) Bactrocera tryoni (Queensland fruit fly) Belonocnema kinseyi (wasp) Betta splendens (Siamese fighting fish) Bufo bufo (common toad . The objective of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for GPC using A. tauschii-Triticum aestivum L. recombinant lines. & Gibelli . Tausch's goatgrass in language. Calflora: Information on California plants for education, research and conservation, with data contributed by public and private institutions and individuals . The species has no common names Synonym Author . Aegilops tauschii 04363.jpg. Common names: harilik kammhein, ida-orashein, kamjas orashein(EE), kamkveke(NO), Kamvete(SE) Synonymes: Agropyron aristatum, Agropyron barginensis Group: Angiosperms A total of 380 A. tauschii genotypes were used to evaluate . To investigate its present occurrence in wheat fields and the potential genetic diversity of the grass weed in China, a filed survey covering major wheat production regions was conducted during 2017-2019. The characteristics of the deduced mature proteins of 1Dx5 *t and 1Dx5.1 *t and previously reported HMW-GSs from Ae. The species has no common names Synonym Author . Species in the Sitopsis section are the closest relatives to wheat and carry the S genome, which is considered to B and d. the donor species of Triticum aestivum a genome is Triticum urartu and the donor species of D genome is Aegilops tauschii, the type of donor for the B genome has not yet been determined. The lineages have received various names. tauschii harbors a high-genetic variation that can be used in wheat-breeding programs against biotic and abiotic stresses . Common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an allohexaploid species with AABBDD genome, derived through amphidiploidization between cultivated tetraploid wheat Triticum turgidum L. (AABB genome) and a wild diploid relative, Aegilops tauschii Coss. tauschii name in location gene or gene family (D-genome) in Ae. NCBI BLAST name: monocots Rank: subspecies Genetic code: Translation table 1 (Standard) Aegilops tauschii is the diploid progenitor of the D genome of hexaploid wheat ( Triticum aestivum, genomes AABBDD) and an important genetic resource for wheat. The PLANTS Database includes the following 71 . Stem: generally erect to abruptly bent at base, generally glabrous. CYR30 (intern. Wheat is eaten daily by many people. The high-quality Aegilops section Sitopsis genomes provide a new roadmap for evolutionary and genetic studies of the Triticum/Aegilops complex, as well as for wheat improvement. Aegilops tauschii Coss. Ae. is reported from a single occurrence in Riverside Co., doubtfully naturalized. This study looked at seven accessions of Aegilops tauschii (Coss . This mite is a vector of the economically important diseases wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV), Triticum mosaic virus (TriMV), and High Plains virus (HPV). . cylindrica (Host) Fiori, more ] Max Licher . tauschii as a source of new genes with the potential to provide useful traits. Schmalh. A locked padlock) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Family: Poaceae. The Se content ofAegilops tauschii (Ae. Example gene unique names: TraesCS1A02G001800, TraesCS1A02G023600, TraesCS1A02G025500 . Aegilops × leveillei Sennen & Pau. However, little has been reported concerning the molecular mechanism of drought tolerance in Ae. Treatment appears in FNA Volume 24. The introgression from wild relatives have a great potential to broaden the availability of beneficial allelic diversity for crop improvement in breeding programs. Native. Calflora: Information on California plants for education, research and conservation, with data contributed by public and private institutions and individuals . Tausch's goatgrass. Aegilops tauschii 06887.jpg. Aegilops tauschii: auct. Definition of aegilops in the Definitions.net dictionary. Spikes 5-10 cm long (excluding the awns), cylindrical, with 0 (-2) vestigial spikelets at the base rhachis breaking up at maturity. PEI: SPM: DC: PR: VI: NAV: Aegilops triuncialis L. barbed goatgrass . tauschii hybrid assembly that used PacBio long reads (Zimin et al., 2017).The final sequence (green) was digested in silico with the restriction . Sequences of four chloroplast DNA noncoding regions, about 3,000 bp in total, were analysed in 112 Aegilops tauschii accessions, 56 of ssp. Preferred name: Aegilops tauschii ; Authority: Cosson ; Notes. Aegilops tauschii 1/28/2009 - David Werier Westchester: 1898: NY Herbarium Name Used: Aegilops tauschii . Tauša egilopss in Latvian . The PLANTS Database includes the following 76 data sources of Aegilops cylindrica Host - Showing 1 to 25 . 7.1 Wheat. We used 5.2 . Common Name . Its morpho-physiological diversity is large, with adaptations to a wide ecological range. Scientific Name; AECYR: Aegilops cylindrica Host var. In this work, the drought tolerance of 155 Ae. vernacular scientific . CYCY5: Cylindropyrum cylindricum (Host) Á. Löve: TRCY3: Triticum cylindricum (Host) Ces., Pass. A spontaneous hybridization of the wild diploid grass Aegilops tauschii (2n=14, DD) with cultivated tetraploid wheat Triticum turgidum (2n=4x=28, AABB) 8,000~10,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent resulted in the bread wheat (Triticum aestivum; 2n=6x=42, AABBDD), one of the earliest cultivated crops in modern agriculture. It is in flower from July to August, and the seeds ripen from August to September. Sequence assembly of the Aegilops tauschii α‐gliadin genomic region.. A 1.75‐Mb sequence containing α‐gliadin genes was extracted from the Ae. triuncialis: barbed goat grass: For more information, contact: Troy Weldy or David Werier Aegilops tauschii Coss. Ae. . Example gene unique names: TraesCS1A02G001800, TraesCS1A02G023600, TraesCS1A02G025500 . International Plant Names Index link: Aegilops cylindrica; BioLib link: Aegilops cylindrica; GRIN link : Aegilops cylindrica . Aegilops tauschii (synonyms Aegilops squarrosa, Triticum tauschii), a wild goatgrass that was one of the parent species of bread wheat, when it crossed with tetraploid wheats in rare hybridization events in the Fertile Crescent around 10,000 years ago.. tauschii. Novel Pina-D1, Pinb-D1, and Gsp-D1 haplotype sequences were detected in the analyses. is known as a noxious grass weed seriously affecting wheat quality and yield. Name Language; rough-spiked hardgrass: Homonyms Aegilops tauschii Coss. Chennav. An example is Aegilops tauschii, the diploid progenitor of the D genome of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum).The estimates of its genome size range from 4.02 to 4.98 Gb (), and 90% of its genome was estimated to be repetitive DNA ().The Ae. tauschii genome and the D genome of hexaploid wheat are closely related due to the . Media in category "Aegilops tauschii" The following 9 files are in this category, out of 9 total. Chinese name: 乌拉尔图小麦 . Aegilops tauschii, the D-genome donor of bread wheat, is a storehouse of genetic diversity that can be used for wheat improvement. Gene Expression Heatmap; . Sitopsis section, including, Aegilops bicornis (Forssk.) Aegilops tauschii subsp. Aegilops tauschii (Tausch's Goatgrass) is a species of annual grass in the family True grasses. Aegilops ventricosa Tausch. Invasive/Noxious . Flickr photos, groups, and tags related to the "speltloave" Flickr tag. Other resources. The most common method for increasing Se uptake is the consumption of Se-rich plants, which transform inorganic Se into organic forms. The wheat curl mite, Aceria tosichella Keifer, is an important pest in the western plains of the United States as well as in most major wheat-growing regions of the world. Leaf-blades glabrous or sparsely hairy, up to 17 cm long, 2-6 mm wide. Type: Version: Date: Compl. Click below on a thumbnail map or name for species profiles. searsii, Aegilops sharonensis Eig (common name: Sharon goatgrass), and Ae. (2n = 2x = 14, DD genome) is the D genome progenitor of common wheat (Kihara, 1944; McFadden and Sears, 1946) and the pivotal genome of several polyploid Aegilops species (Kimber and Yen, 1988; Mirzaghaderi and Mason, 2017). It is not frost tender. One Aegilops tauschii accession (SQ-214) fro … The D genome diploid species of Aegilops tauschii has been utilized most . Scientific name: Triticum urartu. meyeri Ledeb. Introduced. Other resources. Alternative names: Triticum aegilops, Aegilops squarrosa auct., Patropyrum tauschii, Triticum tauschii, Aegilops squarrosa subsp. Some plants have different durations depending on environment or location . Differentiation of the wheat lineage ( Triticum and Aegilops) from a common ancestor into the A and B genome lineages began ~6.5 Ma. Enter gene unique names . strangulata: Taxonomy navigation › Aegilops tauschii. In this study, 68 Ae. ex Roem. Aegilops tauschii Coss. strangulata (Eig) Tzvelev: Rank i: SUBSPECIES: Lineage . Aegilops uniaristata Vis. tauschii and common wheat are summarized in Table 1. NCBI Aegilops tauschii Annotation Release 101. The species is hermaphrodite (has both male and female organs) and is pollinated by Wind. Common names Tausch's goat grass in English Tausch's goatgrass in English Tausch's goatgrass in language. strangulata Taxonomy ID: 200361 (for references in articles please use NCBI:txid200361) current name. An advanced BC2F6 population (112 lines) containing A. tauschii segments was . strangulata (Eig) Tzvelev. Common name; English: . The PLANTS Database includes the following 76 data sources of Aegilops cylindrica Host - Showing 1 to 25 . Kodoth Prabhakaran Nair, in Advances in Agronomy, 2019. tauschii. Native and Introduced. Aegilops tauschii (2n = 2x = 14) is a diploid wild species which is reported as a donor of the D-genome of cultivated bread wheat. Abstract: The wild grass Aegilops tauschii, the D-genome ancestor of bread wheat, provides novel variation for many useful traits in wheat breeding. Jepson eFlora Author: James P. Smith, Jr. Reference: Saufferer 2007 FNANM 24:261--267 tauschii with geographically diversed origin, which is believed as a potential source of genes, especially determining resistance to . Scientific name i: Aegilops: Taxonomy navigation › Triticinae All . Common names. in response to . HI: AS: FM: GU: MH: MP: PW: UM-P: AETR. Scientific name i: Aegilops tauschii subsp. Genome sequenced in 2013. names in breadcrumbs. Á.Löve Triticum aegilops P.Beauv. As the diploid progenitor of common wheat, Aegilops tauschii is considered to be a valuable resistance source to various biotic and abiotic stresses. Transcripts and Genes; Gene Expression. Crop J. CYCY5: Cylindropyrum cylindricum (Host) Á. Löve: TRCY3: Triticum cylindricum (Host) Ces., Pass. Scientific Name Common Name; Aegilops crassa: Persian goat grass: Aegilops cylindrica: jointed goat grass: Aegilops geniculata: ovate goat grass: Aegilops tauschii: Tausch's goat grass: Aegilops triuncialis var. This species consists of two main lineages (TauL1 and TauL2) and one minor lineage (TauL3). The common wheat speciation requires natural hybridization of the parental species, avoidance of hybrid breakdown, and formation of . Associated Ecological Communities: ** Growth Habit: Herbaceous Monocot: Duration: Annual: . Aegilops speltoides is a ANNUAL growing to 0.6 m (2ft). [14] [15] Aegilops and Triticum are genetically similar, as evidenced by their ability to hybridize, and by the presence of Aegilops in the evolutionary heritage of many Triticum taxa. Aegilops tauschii Coss. Eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea, Western Asia, Central Asia, Himalayas, China. The 5S DNA sequences in Triticum tauschii are organised in large clusters containing units that are primarily either 420 ("short") or 490 base pairs (bp) in length ("long"). is a progenitor of common wheat and has been shown to have high GPC. Aegilops tauschii; Diné bizaad: . Gene Expression Heatmap; . . [Aegilops caudata subsp. Common names: harilik kammhein, ida-orashein, kamjas orashein(EE), kamkveke(NO), Kamvete(SE) Synonymes: Agropyron aristatum, Agropyron barginensis Group: Angiosperms which were of a common origin, among 402 A. tauschii accessions. CoL (accepted name) Catalogue of Life GBIF: Global Biodiversity Information Facility ITIS (not accepted) Interagency Taxonomic Information System NCBI: National Center for Biotechnology Information . biuncialis, bi, bis, twice; uncialis, one twelfth, one inch; meaning one sixth, two inches. The species is hermaphrodite (has both male and female organs) and is pollinated by Wind. . Aegilops tauschii Coss. Patropyrum tauschii (Coss.) Meaning of aegilops. Identification of allelic diversity in Ae. Aegilops tauschii, the D genome donor of wheat, is an invaluable source of genetic variability, which can be utilized for broadening the wheat gene pool.Linked leaf rust resistance and non-glaucousness genes transferred from Ae. The main goal of this study was to examine the differences and similarities in chromosomes organization among accessions of Ae. speltoides (82). tauschii (D-genome) KSUG44 5S . It is not frost tender. taur., non Coss. a new powdery mildew resistance gene transferred from Aegilops tauschii Coss. Taxonomy . Aegilops cylindrica, a monocot, is an annual grasslike herb that is not native to California. tauschii populations collected from the survey were analyzed . Aegilops tauschii var. tauschii with regard to the tolerance . It is generally accepted that Aegilops tauschii (2n = 2x = 14, DD) is the D-genome donor of hexaploid wheat, . Type: Version: Date: Compl. tauschii and 56 of ssp. Common name i-Synonym i-Other names i ›Aegilops L. ›Comopyrum ›Patropyrum ›Sitopsis: Rank i: GENUS: Lineage i › cellular organisms . Aegilops tauschii Name Synonyms Aegilops squarrosa var. In particular, the frequencies of amino acid variations from . CoL (accepted name) Catalogue of Life GBIF: Global Biodiversity Information Facility ITIS (not accepted) Interagency Taxonomic Information System NCBI: National Center for Biotechnology Information . It is native to Crimea, the Caucasus region, western and Central Asia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, the western Himalaya, and parts of China, and has been introduced to other locales, including California. [12] (DD genome). Aegilops × sanctis-andreae Degen. Enter gene unique names . Derivation of the botanical name: Aegilops, from the Greek aegilos (a herb liked by goats, or a goat), with 'goatlike' (referring to whiskery-awned spikelets), literally, "goat in the eye". turgidum, 16 in Triticum urartu and 13 in Aegilops tauschii) and Hsp70 (113 in . Aegilops tauschii Coss., the common wheat's D-genome progenitor native to the Transcaucasus-Middle East region, is a good model to study the relationships between soil salinity and plant distributions: one of its intraspecific sublineages, TauL1b, drove the long-distance eastward expansion of this species range . Aegilops triuncialis L. Aegilops umbellulata Zhuk. There is a high risk of this plant becoming invasive in California according to Cal-IPC . Aegilops tauschii; Triticum aestivum L. Triticum dicoccoides; Triticum turgidum; Triticum urartu; Search. Aegilops tauschii Coss. Alternative names: Triticum aegilops, Aegilops squarrosa auct., Patropyrum tauschii, Triticum tauschii, Aegilops squarrosa subsp. Hammer, 1980; Witcombe, 1983; Kimber and Sears, 1987; van Slageren, 1994) this has led to some confusion about species names, and so a list of Aegilops species is . tauschii.However, little is known about the genetic potential of Ae. Scientific Name; AECYR: Aegilops cylindrica Host var. Aegilops tauschii, the Tausch's goatgrass or rough-spike hard grass, is an annual grass species. Coverage: Size (Mbp) Contigs . Culms 20-45 cm, geniculate at the base, usually forming many tillers. Wetland . Aegilops tauschii contains genetic variability not found in hexaploid wheat. Aegilops tauschii 06890.jpg. strangulata, representing all of the species range. Common names: Tausch's goatgrass Rough-spiked hardgrass. Two stripe rust physiological strains, i.e. eFlora Treatment Author: James P. Smith, Jr. Reference: Saufferer 2007 FNANM 24:261--267 squarrosa, Aegilops squarrosa, Patropyrum tauschii subsp. Sheaths with hyaline margins, margins of the lower cauline sheaths usually ciliate; blades 6-20 cm long, 3-6 mm wide. tauschii Common names: Tausch's goatgrass Taxonomy Find more information about this organism at . Bread wheat, Triticum aestivum, is a hexaploid comprising an "A" genome from the wild diploid Triticum urartu (Au genome), a "B" genome most likely from Aegilops speltoides, and a "D"genome from Triticum tauschii.The first cultivated wheat was the diploid Triticum monococcum, einkorn wheat selected from wild T . Common Name. gene or gene family Clone Chromosome Similar to which known in Ae. name: 175E191) and CYR31 (intern. Aegilops tauschii Coss. A high-density cytogenetic map of the Aegilops tauschii genome incorporating retrotransposons and defense-related genes: Insights into cereal chromosome structure and function . Grain protein content (GPC) is an important nutritional quality trait of wheat. Gene names need to be separated by commas. . Suitable for: light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils and prefers well-drained soil. meyeri Disclaimer: The NCBI taxonomy database is not an authoritative source for nomenclature or classification - please consult the relevant scientific literature for the most reliable information. Abstract. tauschii accessions was firstly screened on the basis of their coleoptile lengths under . Common name i: Goatgrass: Synonym i-Other names i ›Aegilops tauschii subsp. They have simple, broad leaves. Aegilops tauschii. tauschii is easily hybridized with tetraploid wheat Langdon to generate amphidiploids, incorporating the superior attributes of Ae. rubiginosa Popova: AETA3: Aegilops tauschii auct. This finding is consistent with those of previous studies on various gene families, including the TaPRX (374 in Triticum aestivum, 159 in Triticum urartu and 169 in Aegilops. Suitable for: light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils and prefers well-drained soil. Aegilops tauschii subsp. Cox, T. S. et al. Common name: Durum wheat. Aegilops cylindrica Host . They have a self-supporting growth form. The RefSeq genome records for Aegilops tauschii were annotated by the NCBI Eukaryotic Genome Annotation Pipeline, an automated pipeline that annotates genes, transcripts and proteins on draft and finished genome assemblies.This report presents statistics on the annotation products, the input data used in the pipeline and intermediate alignment . Aegilops tauschii Coss. The familiar common wheat (Triticum aestivum) arose when cultivated emmer wheat hybridized with Aegilops tauschii about 8,000 years ago. taur., non Coss. Aegilops cylindrica, a monocot, is an annual grasslike herb that is not native to California. Treatment on page 262. tauschii to cultivated wheat variety WH542 were mapped in the present study. Aegilops tauschii single nucleotide polymorphisms shed light on the origins of wheat D-genome genetic . tauschii is of utmost importance for . tauschii) is a diploid (2n = 2x = 14) wild grass species, which has been reported as the progenitor of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum) with D-genome. MAIN. There is a high risk of this plant becoming invasive in California according to Cal-IPC . non Coss. Using three diploid (Triticum monococcum, AA), three tetraploid (Triticum turgidum, BBAA), two hexaploid (Triticum aestivum and Triticum compactum, BBAADD) wheats and two Aegilops tauschii (DD) genotypes, experiments were carried out under controlled environmental conditions in nutrient solution (i) to study the relationships between the rates of phytosiderophore (PS) release from . It is in flower from July to August, and the seeds ripen from August to September. With the exception of the wild-type allele of Pina-D1 and Pinb-D1 genes, as defined by convention as those found in Chinese Spring and present in all other soft wheat varieties . Triticum tauschii (Coss.) Aegilops tauschii 04364.jpg. To better utilize and provide the genetic basis of breeding for improving phosphorus deficiency tolerance, large-scale screening for tolerant A. tauschii to phosphorus deficiency was conducted using hydroponic experiment. Common Name: GRASS FAMILY Habit: Annual to woody perennial herb; roots generally fibrous. non Coss. Common Name: Tausch's goat grass: Habitat: A waif around wool mills. squarrosa, Aegilops squarrosa, Patropyrum tauschii subsp. Genetic analysis in an F 2 population from a BC 3 plant derived from the cross Triticum . The Hebrew word:,בן-חיטה, ben-chita , close to wheat, chita. The first hybridization occurred ~5.5 Ma between the A and B genome lineages and led to the origin of the D genome lineage by homoploid hybrid speciation. strangulata in Transcaucasia and southwestern Caspian Iran has been suggested most often as the putative . Common values are annual, biennial, and perennial. Jointed Goat Grass, more. & Gibelli . Aegilops tauschii Click on organism name to get more information. Adaptation to edaphic stress may have a key role in plant species range expansion. Derivation of the botanical name: Aegilops, from the Greek aegilos (a herb liked by goats, or a goat), with 'goatlike' (referring to whiskery-awned spikelets), literally, "goat in the eye". Stripe rust is one of the most destructive diseases for wheat crops in China.